Lately, I've been reading
Nat Turner's Slave Rebellion by Herbert Aptheker (1937/2006). It's the first serious (second generally) history of the rebellion Nat Turner led in 1831. It's an incredibly easy read, and I highly recommend it.
Needless to say, many things stick out to me from the book. More posts may come...
For now, Aptheker's writing about "the effects" (i.e. social and legal reactions) of Turner's rebellion captures my mind. Our best guess is that 60-80 black people joined the rebellion, yet at the time whites estimated as many as 800 armed revolutionaries actively participated and nearly every southern state legislature convened to deal with whites' mass hysteria following the revolt. After his capture, Turner pleaded not guilty (because he had done nothing wrong) and never said he was mistaken in believing God led him to revolt. Those facts lead me to my two initial thoughts:
1.
Oppressors Live in Constant Fear
We, the people willing to act for social justice, severely underestimate our influence. One of the false lessons of the Civil Rights Era is that "a movement" requires mass numbers. I am convinced that movement requires little more than a few people willing to move. People imposing injustice tend to freak out when directly confronted with resistance. I am reminded of three biblical stories. One where Elisha showed his chief disciple the invisible chariots and horsemen of Israel. The second, when Gideon took a very small army (~300 men) and defeated a much larger army when the enemy soldiers turned on themselves. And a third, when three lepers marched into the enemy camp only to find it deserted because the enemy soldiers mistook their footsteps for the sound of a large army. My point, God seems to be suggesting the power of small numbers often in the Bible.
My larger point from Nat Turner is that all oppressors live in constant fear of resistance, even resistance from groups that cannot possibly overthrow systems by force alone. Men live in constant fear that they will be exposed as vulnerable and not masculine. Whites live in constant fear that the logic of white supremacy (i.e. justified domination because of superior intellect/morality/numerical majority/etc) will be exposed as a lie [thus The Bell Curve, the Minute Men, the Tea Party, etc]. The rich are petrified of labor coalitions. The Christian Right is obsessed with "creeping Sharia law." Bush began a war against terror itself.
We don't often pay enough attention to the fact that emotion is an integral part of every social structure. Specifically, fear is an inevitable part of every oppressive structure. That means that one of the contradictions inherent to any system of organization is the emotional vulnerability of the dominant group. Oppressed people thus always have a structural avenue of resistance, even in the most oppressive and closed systems.
Nat Turner demonstrated that. For months and even
years after his rebellion, whites openly claimed that they could not sleep, were filled with anxiety, and were in failing health due to fear of slave rebellions inspired by Turner. In fact, several southern governors explicitly stated mass anxiety among whites as the reason for calling emergency legislative sessions in fall of 1831. This mass anxiety despite there being no clear evidence that a single subsequent rebellion was directly connected to Turner or his co-conspirators. That oppressors were convicted by their own guilt is proven by two facts: 1) Turner "passed-over" the houses of whites who "did not think themselves better than blacks." His army only targeted open bigots and slaveowners; and 2) there is some evidence that many poor whites supported the rebellion. Whites were not afraid they would be targeted for being white; they were afraid because they knew they were targeted for being active oppressors.
2.
Retrenchment Is Not Evidence of Failure
After the Turner Rebellion, whites reacted extremely harshly. They not only assassinated Turner and his fellow rebels, they also mutilated and murdered innumerable black people (slave and free) with and without trials. Whites killed at least as many innocent black people as the total number of rebells in Turner's army. In some cases, white militias lynched black people on the mere accusation of white overseers. Whites tortured, lynched, and murdered black people without any evidence or even reason for suspicion in states as far from Turner's rebellion (in Virginia) as Louisiana and Kentucky. Whites tortured innocent black people to the point that whites themselves began criticizing the brutality and fearing they would lose the moral ground
in the slaveholding South! [I cannot imagine the savagery that would move slaveholders even that small step toward compassion. Our black ancestors are beyond heroic!] Bunches of municipalities and southern states passed a host of laws tightening restrictions on free blacks and making life even more difficult for slaves. ... None of this is a surprise, but it leads me to my next point...
For black people, the most obvious immediate result of Turner's Rebellion was increased white oppression. In other words, black people's lives got worse; in some cases much worse. Turner, his fellow warriors, and potentially hundreds of uninvolved black people were tortured and killed by whites. In addition to the rampant mass murder, black people lost [i.e. whites took] the few civil rights they had. Black people couldn't even legally have church without whites present. Again, biblical parallels come to mind. The Egyptians made crazy laws against enslaved Israelites (e.g. making bricks without straw) out of fear of growing Israelite numbers and fear of slave revolt. Moses left Egypt after reacting to Egyptian cruelty, and the Egyptians reacted harshly to subsequent Israelite resistance once the Exodus began. ... I bring up the Bible to show that the patterns are old and unchanging. Oppressors oppress, get scared, generate resistance, clamp down, and ultimately lose.
And here, I think, is another false lesson we have drawn from the Civil Rights Movement. Activists hesitate too often for fear that their efforts will make life harder for the very people they are fighting for. This fear among activists is one of the main causes of "analysis until paralysis" and splits among coalitions. We should understand that activism never causes oppression. Oppressors do that. We should not assume that harsh retrenchment is a sign that we did the wrong thing. Often retrenchment is a sign that mobilization meaningfully challenged oppressors.
Again, the immediate aftermath of Turner's rebellion was death and increased white-on-black terrorism throughout the South. Not only so, but nearly all the southern abolitionist organizations disappeared following the rebellion. They reformed in the North, but that meant the thousands of free blacks in the South and millions of enslaved blacks had much less local white support after 1831. But nearly 200 years later, we see that Turner's Rebellion was a positive and critically important part of the liberation struggle. If we judged him by the lives of black people in October and November of 1831, we would conclude his efforts a failure on every level. Now we praise Turner and name city parks after him (e.g. in Newark, NJ). We recognize Nat Turner, John Brown, and other antislavery rebells as national heroes--certainly heroes among people of color.
Selah.
